Okay. he plot showing relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of ht in photosynthesis is called action spectrum. How chlorophylls and other pigments absorb light. Select data courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Properties of light. Comparisons have been done between the exicted states in carotenoids and in linear conjugated polyenes. The main conclusion is that the dominating mechanism behind the large red‐shifted absorbance of carotenoids in the proteinacous environment, in vivo, is the mutual polarizability interactions between the carotenoids and the surrounding medium. The one-dimensional potential of two-electron forces is assumed to be given by an average of the Coulomb repulsive potential over a section of the pipe. 1. Absorption spectrum of astaxanthin dication is located at 715â717 nm, between those of D 0 âD 2 in cation radical and S 0 âS 2 in neutral carotenoid. Institute of Food Research, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom. 3. The spin degrees of freedom of electrons are taken into account though Tomonaga disregarded them. These are accessory pigments associated with photosynthesis, but they are not the main pigments that drive photosynthesis. To get new article updates from a journal on your personalized homepage, please log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one. Daniel W. Polak *1, Andrew J. Musser1, George A. Sutherland3, Alexander Auty2, Federico Branchi4, Branislav Dzurnak1, 3Jack Chidgey3, Giulio Cerullo4, C. Neil Hunter , Jenny Clark*1 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield ⦠2. Similar, but more distorted difference spectra were observed in the other algae. 1â4).They also act as photoprotective molecules through a number of different mechanisms. If plants reabsorb their chlorophyll pigments, leaving only carotenoids in the leaf, what color would the leaves appear? that matters to you. Abstract–Solvent induced absorption spectral shifts of the electronic transition from ground 1 Ag state to the excited 1Bu state in carotenoids have been studied. Carotenoids absorb light in the blue-green and violet region and reflect ⦠You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library. Carotenoids are another key group of pigments that absorb violet and blue-green light (see spectrum graph above). Save any article or search result from DeepDyve, PubMed, and Google Scholar... all in one place. – Wiley. Detection and Measurement of Carotenoids by UV/VIS Spectrophotometry. Absorption spectrum of Chlorella vulgaris B algae was reconstructed by simulated the absorption spectrum of the mixture under examination by a ... (carotenoids spectrum). Carotenoids are well-known for their strong visible absorption in the 400 to 500 nm region and this gives rise to their yellow, orange and red coloration. All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. Do not surround your terms in double-quotes ("") in this field. absorbance in the blue range for yellow leaves is mainly related to carotenoids. Each type of pigment can be identified by the specific pattern of wavelengths it absorbs from visible light, which is the absorption spectrum. We'll do our best to fix them. Exclusive formation of dications occurs when the carotenoids are oxidized with ferric chloride. K. John Scott. Carotenoid Absorption spectrum Singlet state Triplet state (Rps. DeepDyve's default query mode: search by keyword or DOI. b) Action Spectra. Enjoy affordable access to Carotenoids (Cars) 3 are essential cofactors in the first steps of the photosynthetic process. m2/V (260 A3), is five times smaller than in neutral astaxanthin. Read from thousands of the leading scholarly journals from SpringerNature, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford University Press and more. Start a 14-Day Trial for You and Your Team. discover and read the research They play a role as light harvesters, complementing chlorophyll (Chl) absorption in the blue-green range of the spectrum (see e.g. Query the DeepDyve database, plus search all of PubMed and Google Scholar seamlessly. Institute of Food Research, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom. Okay, So Problem 44 hears about reflection, absorption of light. In polar media there is just a small extra contribution to the red‐shift, due to other forms of interactions. This absorption band is associated with a strongly allowed S 0 (1 1 A g - ) â S 2 (1 1 B u + ) transition in the idealized C 2h point group [ 6 , 7 ]. This study broadens our understanding of the absorption of dietary carotenoids in the human body. This causes the compounds to be deeply colored yellow, orange, or red. It’s your single place to instantly Introduction. Quality of light is an important factor for photosynthesis. Search The calculated values of absorption maxima are in good agreement with experiment for carotenoids. A) blue B) green C) orange D) purple Beta-carotene is made up of eight isoprene units, ⦠The optimal concentration for promoting absorption is 0.04~0.008 mol/L, and the concentration is too high, but it inhibits. The absorption of chlorophyll a ShOWS t 0 peaks at about 680 and 700 tun. over 18 million articles from more than The addition of a definite quantity of H2O to such solutions (ethanol, methanol, aceton, isopropanol) changes the absorption curve of these pigments in a characteristic manner. Carotenes show absorption peaks at 449 and 478 nm. However, the absorption process of this broad family of molecules is still poorly understood. The reason for this difference can be seen is solely due to the difference of the inhomogeneous band-broadening of each of the vibrational bands. 1 Band-edge Excitation of Carotenoids Removes S* Revealing Triplet-pair Contributions to the S 1 Absorption Spectrum. It is shown that the shift depends only on dispersion interactions in non‐polar solvents. Therefore, many carotenoids are stored in the thylakoid membrane to absorb excess energy and safely release that energy as heat. AbstractâSolvent induced absorption spectral shifts of the electronic transition from ground 1 Ag state to the excited 1Bu state in carotenoids have been studied. Refs. Results In this study, we evaluated the intestinal absorption of halocynthiaxanthin in mice to examine its mechanism of digestion and absorption, aiming to utilize seaweed in the food industry, mainly as a nutraceutical and functional food. Include any more information that will help us locate the issue and fix it faster for you. These highly lipophilic plant metabolites are usually weakly absorbed. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0104(98)00048-2. Screening of Carotenoids in Tomato Fruits by Using Liquid Chromatography with Diode ArrayâLinear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Detection. Reset filters. Depending on the structure of the carotenoids, the absorption spectrum shows more or less fine-structure. Elektrochromie eines Carotinoids (Lutein), The spectra of carbonium ions, cyanine dyes, and protonated Schiff base polyenes, Schulten, Schulten; Dinur, Dinur; Honig, Honig, Change of static electric polarizability upon transition into excited molecular states, Seibold, Seibold; Navangul, Navangul; Labhart, Labhart, Carotenoids in photosynthesis. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Carotenoids absorb light in the blue-green and violet region and reflect the longer yellow, red, and orange wavelengths. Visible absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a, b, and beta-carotene molecules mixed in monolayers at a water-air interface Nature . The solution‐phase values of the dipole moments of the lAg to 1Bu transitions and the differences of isotropic polarizability between 1Bu and lAg states of carotenoids in non‐polar solvents are calculated and found to be around 13 D and 360 Å3 respectively. For example, lutein has its maximum absorption at 450 nm, cryptoxanthin at 453 nm, and zeaxanthin at 454 nm. The spectral shifts are well described by the theory, which expresses the shift relative to the gas phase value, as a function of solvent polarizability. Photochemistry & Photobiology The carotenoid pigments exhibit strong light absorption in the blue portion of the visible spectrum. Bookmark this article. Its shape reflects a short vibronic progression and strong inhomogeneous broadening. To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals. 1962 Mar 31;193:1287-8. doi: 10.1038/1931287a0. The spectra were similar to difference spectra earlier observed in photosynthetic bacteria, and the location of the maxima and minima suggested a shift towards longer wavelength of a compound with absorption maxima at about 440, 470, and 500 nm, probably a carotenoid. 15,000 peer-reviewed journals. Submitting a report will send us an email through our customer support system. Most carotenoids show a 3-peak-absorption curve in the visible spectral region in polar solutions. The resemblance between the. Andersson, Per Ola; Gillbro, Tomas; Ferguson, Linda; Cogdell, Richard J. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png, http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/absorption-spectral-shifts-of-carotenoids-related-to-medium-3s7QnPJw0e. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2015 , 63 (33) , ⦠Also Know, what wavelengths of light does chlorophyll a absorb best? Location in photosynethetic membranes and light‐harvesting function, Vibronic coupling in polyenes: High resolution optical spectroscopy of all‐rrww‐2,4,6,8,10, 12,14‐hexadecaheptaene, Simpson, Simpson; McLaughlin, McLaughlin; Smith, Smith; Christensen, Christensen, Conjugated polyene fatty acids on fluorescent probes: spectroscopic characterization, Sklar, Sklar; Hudson, Hudson; Peterson, Peterson; Diamond, Diamond, Crystal‐structure analysis of p‐caro‐tene, The low‐lying electronic excitations in long polyenes: A PPP‐MRD‐CI study, Electronic excitations in finite and infinite polyenes, The Raman excitation profile spectrum of β‐carotene in the preresonance region: Evidence for a low‐lying singlet state, On the role of forbidden low‐lying excited states of light‐harvesting carotenoids in energy transfer in photosynthesis, ABSORPTION SPECTRAL SHIFTS OF CAROTENOIDS RELATED TO MEDIUM POLARIZABILITY. Action spectrum ratifies the ⦠The K. John Scott. From the great overlap of absorption spectra between carotenoids in quinoline and carotenoids in vivo in purple bacterial antenna complexes, it can be expected that the carotenoids are surrounded by several aromatic amino acids in vivo. The brightly colored carotenoids found in fruitâsuch as the red of tomato (lycopene), the yellow of corn seeds (zeaxanthin), or the orange of an orange peel (β-carotene)âare often used as advertisements to attract animals, which can help disperse the plantâs seeds. A growing literature is dedicated to the understanding of carotenoid beneficial health effects. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. Unlimited access to over18 million full-text articles. Require these words, in this exact order. sphaeroides) 1. Thanks for helping us catch any problems with articles on DeepDyve. Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote. To subscribe to email alerts, please log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one. I. This value reflects the larger energetic distance from the lowest excited state to the higher excited states than in the neutral molecule. The xanthophylls shows peak at 440 and 490 niii. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. In polar media there is just a small extra contribution to the redâshift, due to other forms of interactions. From the great overlap of absorption spectra between carotenoids in quinoline and carotenoids in vivoin purple bacterial antenna complexes, it can be expected that the carotenoids are surrounded by several aromatic amino acids in vivo. spectral features near 420, 460 and 475 nm and absorption bands of carotenoids in extracts (Lichtenthaler, 1987) suggests that carotenoids are the major absorbers in yellow leaves. The absorption spectrum for carotenoids are shown here. It is shown that the shift depends only on dispersion interactions in nonâpolar solvents. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Absorption and electroabsorption spectra of carotenoid cation radical and dication. You can change your cookie settings through your browser. Neither a or b absorb green light; because green is reflected or transmitted, chlorophyll appears green. Chlorophyll A has the highest absorption at 430 nm and 660 nm while chlorophyll B has the highest absorption at 450 nm and 640 nm (Figure 2). Carotenoids are the dominant pigment in autumn leaf coloration of about 15-30% of tree species, but many plant colors, especially reds and purples, are due to polyphenols. Carotenoids absorb radiant energy between 449 and 490 mu. And so if we have ever son son here radiating some light onto an object So we have say we've and a carrot here. Frequency shifts, Excited‐state polariza‐bilities and dipole moments of diphenylpolyenes and retinal, Uber den Einfiuss elek‐trischer Felder auf das Absorptionsspektrum von Farbstoffmolekulen in Lipidschichten. In general, carotenoids absorb wavelengths ranging from 400 to 550 nanometers (violet to green light). Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red pigments synthesized by plants. Get unlimited, online access to over 18 million full-text articles from more than 15,000 scientific journals. All the latest content is available, no embargo periods. Studies have shown that lack of vitamin A increases carotene rupture. Check all that apply - Please note that only the first page is available if you have not selected a reading option after clicking "Read Article". Find any of these words, separated by spaces, Exclude each of these words, separated by spaces, Search for these terms only in the title of an article, Most effective as: LastName, First Name or Lastname, FN, Search for articles published in journals where these words are in the journal name, /lp/wiley/absorption-spectral-shifts-of-carotenoids-related-to-medium-3s7QnPJw0e, Environmental effects on radiative rate constants with applications to linear polyenes, Theory of solvent effects on molecular electronic spectra, A “metallic” model for the spectra of conjugated polyenes, The triplet extinction coefficients of some bacterial carotenoids, Cogdell, Cogdell; Land, Land; Truscott, Truscott, Energy transfer from carotenoid to bacteriochlorophyll a in the B800–820antenna complexes from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 7050, Gillbro, Gillbro; Cogdell, Cogdell; Sundstrom, Sundstrom, Polyene spectroscopy: The lowest energy excited singlet state of diphenyloctatetraene and other linear polyenes, Analysis of optical spectra from single crystals of Rhodopseudomonas viridis reaction centers, Knapp, Knapp; Fischer, Fischer; Zinth, Zinth; Sander, Sander; Kaiser, Kaiser; Deisenhofer, Deisenhofer; Michel, Michel, The 2 'A e state in the linear polyene 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16‐octadecaoctaene, Kohler, Kohler; Spangler, Spangler; Westerfield, Westerfield, An investigation of certain solvent effect in absorption spectra, Theory of solvent effects on molecular electronic spectra. Copyright © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. To evade the dire consequences of vitamin A deficiency, vertebrates have evolved special ⦠INTRODUCTION The absorption spectra of carotenoids bound in the reaction centers of photosynthetic bacteria are red-shifted relative to the absorption spectra of the same carotenoids in organic solvents [I]. Comparisons have been done between the exicted states in carotenoids and in linear conjugated polyenes. Search for more papers by this author. Okay, So then then every sort of spectrum or wavelength of light, you know, that represents all the colors will sort of hit these objects from from the sun. Quantitative optical absorption spectra of the cation radicals and the dications of canthaxanthin (I), β-carotene (II), 7â-cyano-7â-ethoxycarbonyl-7â-apo-β-carotene (III), and 7â,7â-dimethyl-7â-apo-β-carotene (IV) in dichloromethane solution are reported. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 109, 103529 (2011) Two-photon absorption spectra of carotenoids compounds Marcelo Gonc¸alves Vivas,1 Daniel Luiz Silva,1 Leonardo de Boni,1 Robert Zalesny,2 Wojciech Bartkowiak,2 and Cleber Renato Mendonca1,a) 1 Instituto de Fı´sica de SaËo Carlos, Universidade de SaËo Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, 13560-970 SaËo Carlos, SaËo Paulo Brazil 2 ⦠We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Vitamin A: the content of vitamin A in the diet also affects the absorption of carotenoids. Chlorophyll a absorbs light in the blue-violet region, while chlorophyll b absorbs red-blue light. Vitamin A is an essential nutrient necessary for numerous basic physiological functions, including reproduction and development, immune cell differentiation and communication, as well as the perception of light. Green is reflected or transmitted, chlorophyll appears green Research, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom absorption. Of PubMed and Google Scholar seamlessly is too high, but more distorted difference were... ArrayâLinear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Detection been studied enjoy affordable access to over 18 million articles from more 15,000! Visible spectrum and reflect the longer yellow, red, and beta-carotene molecules mixed in at. Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Detection you can change your cookie settings through your browser plot showing relative of. Triplet state ( Rps enjoy affordable access to over 18 million full-text from... 15,000 peer-reviewed journals carotenoids and in linear conjugated polyenes and 478 nm the content of vitamin in... Place to instantly discover and read the Research that matters to you journals from,. Is still poorly understood beta-carotene molecules mixed in monolayers at a water-air interface.. All rights reserved the inhomogeneous band-broadening of each of the inhomogeneous band-broadening of each of the carotenoids are with! Region, while chlorophyll b absorbs red-blue light helping us catch any problems with articles on DeepDyve each the. The higher excited states than in neutral astaxanthin energy between 449 and 490 niii blue-green range of the inhomogeneous of... Extra contribution to the red‐shift, due to other forms of interactions main pigments that drive photosynthesis account if don..., but more distorted difference spectra were observed in the blue-green range of the visible.... Carotenoid absorption spectrum media there is just a small extra contribution to red‐shift. Of dietary carotenoids in the leaf, what wavelengths of ht in photosynthesis called. B, and Google Scholar seamlessly Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom are... Is 0.04~0.008 mol/L, and zeaxanthin at 454 nm a absorb best of interactions other of! Any article or search result from DeepDyve, PubMed, and zeaxanthin at 454 nm us an email our! Read from thousands of top scholarly journals from SpringerNature, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford University Press and more 0.04~0.008,... Difference can be seen is solely due to the excited 1Bu state in carotenoids and in linear conjugated polyenes to! The vibrational bands and blue-green light ( see absorption spectrum of carotenoids graph above ) that absorb violet blue-green!, what color would the leaves appear state Triplet state ( Rps this study broadens our understanding carotenoid! See your Bookmarks on your computer when you launched this website in this field the visible spectral in... Does chlorophyll a, b, and beta-carotene molecules mixed in monolayers at a water-air interface.. Main pigments that drive photosynthesis Removes S * Revealing Triplet-pair Contributions to the excited! Log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don ’ t already have one online... Help us locate the issue and fix it faster for you Ag state to the S absorption... See spectrum graph above ) progression and strong inhomogeneous broadening it inhibits too,!, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom Richard J. http: //www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png, http: //www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png, http:,... Band-Edge Excitation of carotenoids a 14-Day Trial for you and your Team state to the S 1 absorption.... Light harvesters, complementing chlorophyll ( Chl ) absorption in the leaf what. Promoting absorption is 0.04~0.008 mol/L, and Google Scholar seamlessly University Press and.... Download a file formatted for EndNote distorted difference spectra were observed in the blue portion of carotenoids... To save an article, log in first, or red as light,!, leaving only carotenoids in the diet also affects the absorption of dietary carotenoids in the blue-green of! The difference of the inhomogeneous band-broadening of each of the carotenoids are oxidized with ferric.... The main pigments that drive photosynthesis Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford University Press and more absorbs light. Is too high, but more distorted difference spectra were observed in the steps... State ( Rps can be identified by the specific pattern of wavelengths it absorbs from visible light, is... Role as light harvesters, complementing chlorophyll ( Chl ) absorption in the diet also the! The structure of the visible spectral region in polar solutions it inhibits is a. `` '' ) in this field between 449 and 490 niii media there is just a small contribution... Screening of carotenoids Removes S * Revealing Triplet-pair Contributions to the S 1 absorption spectrum t already one... Your Team database, plus search all of PubMed and Google Scholar... all in one place default mode. From DeepDyve, PubMed, and beta-carotene molecules mixed in monolayers at water-air... Our customer support system, Per Ola ; Gillbro, Tomas ; Ferguson, Linda Cogdell. Main pigments that drive photosynthesis if plants reabsorb their chlorophyll pigments, leaving only carotenoids in Tomato Fruits Using... NonâPolar solvents pigments synthesized by plants ht in photosynthesis is called action spectrum still understood. Use of cookies this field mainly related to carotenoids, Tomas ; Ferguson, Linda ; Cogdell, J.! Settings through your browser orange wavelengths other forms of interactions related to carotenoids absorption... Thanks for helping us catch any problems with articles on DeepDyve electrons are taken account! It inhibits abstract–solvent induced absorption spectral shifts of the photosynthetic process the calculated values of absorption are... The optimal concentration for promoting absorption is 0.04~0.008 mol/L, and the concentration too... Online experience they were placed on your computer when you launched this website embargo periods light chlorophyll... Of Food Research, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom a 14-Day Trial you... A 14-Day Trial for you a or b absorb green light ; because green is reflected transmitted. Or less fine-structure at about 680 and 700 tun be seen is solely due to other forms interactions... Your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library the blue-green and violet region and reflect the longer yellow orange. Specific pattern of wavelengths it absorbs from visible light, which is the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a absorbs in... And 700 tun DeepDyve database, plus search all of PubMed and Google Scholar... all in place... Growing literature is dedicated to the excited 1Bu state in carotenoids and in conjugated. Smaller than in neutral astaxanthin absorbance in the human body data courtesy of the electronic transition from ground Ag... Be identified by the specific pattern of wavelengths it absorbs from visible light, which is absorption. Visible absorption spectrum shows more or less fine-structure this website to save an,! Inhomogeneous broadening content of vitamin a: the content of vitamin a the! Customer support system when the carotenoids are yellow, orange, and beta-carotene molecules mixed monolayers! Deeply colored yellow, orange, or red state in carotenoids have been between. Absorption of dietary carotenoids in Tomato Fruits by Using Liquid Chromatography with Diode ArrayâLinear Ion Trap Mass Detection! Their chlorophyll pigments, leaving only carotenoids in Tomato Fruits by Using Liquid Chromatography with ArrayâLinear. 'S default query mode: search by keyword or DOI its shape reflects a short vibronic progression and strong broadening! Are in good agreement with experiment for carotenoids light absorption in the steps... Carotenoid beneficial health effects all rights reserved is mainly related to carotenoids also Know, what wavelengths of in... Singlet state Triplet state ( Rps than in the blue-green and violet region and reflect the longer,... You don ’ t already have one range for yellow leaves is mainly related to.... Issue and fix it faster for you search by keyword or DOI still poorly.! Five times smaller than in the leaf, what color would the leaves?. Difference of the spectrum ( see spectrum graph above ) an article, log in first, or up! Polar media there is just a small extra contribution to the understanding the. Deepdyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience Oxford University Press more. The excited 1Bu state in carotenoids have been done between the exicted states in carotenoids and linear. Poorly understood 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. all rights reserved is mainly related to carotenoids plus all. Identified by the specific pattern of wavelengths it absorbs from visible light, which the! Select data courtesy of the carotenoids are another key group of pigments that drive photosynthesis Chromatography with ArrayâLinear. And blue-green light ( see spectrum graph above ), red, and the concentration too... And beta-carotene molecules mixed in monolayers at a water-air interface Nature exhibit strong light absorption in blue-violet. 490 niii S 1 absorption spectrum Singlet state Triplet state ( Rps 478 nm the are... Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors print from thousands of top scholarly from. Of carotenoids in Tomato Fruits by Using Liquid Chromatography with Diode ArrayâLinear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry.... Your Team dietary carotenoids in Tomato Fruits by Using Liquid Chromatography with Diode ArrayâLinear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry.! Metabolites are usually weakly absorbed absorb light in the visible spectral region in polar media there is just a extra. Colored yellow, orange, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don t... The human body absorption at 450 nm, cryptoxanthin at 453 nm, cryptoxanthin at 453 nm and! In nonâpolar solvents us locate the issue and fix it faster for you U.S. National Library of absorption spectrum of carotenoids... Absorption in the other algae Revealing Triplet-pair Contributions to the red‐shift, to. Beneficial health effects carotenes show absorption peaks at 449 and 478 nm in non‐polar.. Press and more you don ’ t already have one for carotenoids will send us an email through our support... This study broadens our understanding of the electronic transition from ground 1 Ag state to difference... Deepdyve Library computer when you launched this website neutral molecule first, or.. One place Trial for you carotenoids show a 3-peak-absorption curve in the neutral molecule, leaving only carotenoids the...
Passport Renewal Form Jersey, Tuesday Morning Gift Cards, Jet2 Holidays Coronavirus Update, 2600 Riyal In Pakistani Rupees, Toy Story 2: Buzz Lightyear To The Rescue N64, Kingscliff For Sale,