hypericaceae family characteristics

Image of H. perforatum taken from our experimental garden. Mealtime characteristics measured included; frequency of shared meals across the day, duration and location of mealtimes, parental modelling, and parental perceived importance of the evening meal. Michael G. Simpson, in Plant Systematics (Second Edition), 2010, St. John's Wort family (after the Greek hyper, above, + eikon, picture, perhaps in reference to flowers of this group being placed above pictures at Walpur-gisnacht [later the feast of St. John, 24 June] to ward off evil spirits). H. perforatum Linn. The stings are frequently a short-term irritant, but contact with some species can cause pain or numbness that lasts for several days. The medicinal value of the plant is claimed to be practiced as far back as 2000 years ago. The name comes from its flowering period, which begins June 25, which is St. John’s day. Extrafl oral nectaries are found in some taxa. 1 synonym for family Hypericaceae: Hypericaceae. Serrated spurge ( Euphorbia serrata ). Lista de géneros y sinónimos relacionados alfabéticamente según APWeb:[2]​, https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypericaceae&oldid=122669201, Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores Microsoft Academic, Wikipedia:Control de autoridades con 18 elementos, Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎, Licencia Creative Commons Atribución Compartir Igual 3.0. The BPS also accepted benzoyl-CoA as starter (44% efficiency), but was completely inactive with 2-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA and 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA, and that indicated a clear specificity for only one position of the hydroxy group. When hypericin is absorbed by grazing animals and has entered the peripheral circulation the exposure to sunlight will cause severe sunburn and serious necrosis of the skin, followed by subsequent infection and starvation [6,203]. is known to cause severe phototoxicity, in particular in grazing animals. Small oil glands in the leaves appear as perforations (translucent glands) that span from the upper to lower leaf epidermis. (2010, see also 2014a) rejected all fossils placed in this family other than some from South America, and they suggested that Humiriaceae originated there. L.A. Mitscher, in Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II, 2007, St John's wort is an aggressive weed, Hypericum perforatum L. fam. F. Close-up of stamen fascicle, characteristic of the family. Solomon Habtemariam, in Medicinal Foods as Potential Therapies for Type-2 Diabetes and Associated Diseases, 2019. Olive oil, other vegetable oils, and oily solvents can be used to make Oleums, ointments and capsules. It is a member of the Hypericaceae family (formerly placed in the Clusiaceae family), with a long history of human uses including warding off evil, and serving as an antidepressant. Definition of family Hypericaceae in the AudioEnglish.org Dictionary. The flowers are regular and bisexual with 4 to 5 sepals, 4 to 5 petals, and 10 or more stamens. Hypericaceae Hypericaceae See list of 2 genera in this family Choose this genus Triadenum. I. Includes at the most resent count 484 species that are either naturally occuring on, or which have been introduced to, every continent in the world except Antarctida. Vote HERE are your winners and runners-up! Information about family Hypericaceae in the … As the fruit sets on, there is an increase in phloroglucinols and a decrease in naphthodianthrones phytochemicals (Wolfle et al., 2014). Seeds, which adhere to wildlife and livestock for easy dispersal are commercially available for wildflower plantings. H. perforatum has been introduced into North and South America as a cultivated herb, and in some regions it has escaped cultivation and is considered a noxious weed. Whole plant, showing terminal, corymbose cymes, from primary and lateral shoots. Images and key identification characteristics of the different members of the St John's-wort family of British wild flowers (Hypericaceae). See Stevens (2006) for a general treatment of the family. 1a. The generation of ROS leads to lipid peroxidation and membrane damage and therefore hypericin and similar sensitizers of 1O2 are highly phototoxic [203–205]. numerous, centrifugal stamens often fasciculate, and a superior, syncarpous, 3–5 carpellate ovary, the fruit a capsule (usually), berry, or drupe. Petals pink to flesh-colored; stamens 9, connate into 3 distinct groups, alternating with conspicuous, orange glands Choose this genus Hypericum. A family of 9 genera and 700 species, world-wide; four genera naturalised in Australia. Hypericaceae es una familia cosmopolita del orden Malpighiales, aceptada por la APG II (2003), con alrededor de 560 especies repartidas en 9 géneros. Anthers are dithecal, longitudinally-dehiscent, often with glands. ),133,135 and anthraquinones such as aleo-emodin (106), rhein (107), emodin (108)136,137 that are found in, for example, rhubarb (Rheum spp., Polygonaceae),138 in the latex of Aloe vera (Xanthorrhoeaceae)139,140 and the buckthorns (Rhamnus spp., Rhamnaceae),141 and may be responsible for skin reactions caused by these plants. are known to cause severe phototoxicity, in particular, in grazing animals. (Hypericaceae). This branchy shrub plant (Fig. Se extiende desde … Hypericaceae synonyms, Hypericaceae pronunciation, Hypericaceae translation, English dictionary definition of Hypericaceae. Significant differences are to be expected because typical CHSs do not accept 3-hydroxybenzyol-CoA as starter.107, Thomas J. Stohlgren, ... Jim Graham, in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition), 2013. Hypericaceae es una familia cosmopolita del orden Malpighiales, aceptada por la APG II, con alrededor de 560 especies repartidas en 9 géneros. Maternal education was used to assess SEP. At one time the colorful hypericins, naphthodianthrones, were thought to be responsible for the action of this herb but this position has now been abandoned. The implication of St John's Wort therapy in diabetic patients suffering from depressive moods, sleeping disturbances, and cognitive deficits also came from comparative studies on experimental animals treated with either insulin or the extract (125 and 250 mg/kg, for 7 days) for seven days (Can et al., 2011). B. Vegetative shoot, showing simple, entire, opposite leaves. List of lepidoptera species using Hypericaceae as larval foodplant. The phototoxicity of hypericin is most likely due to its ability to facilitate the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) under aerobic conditions in combination with visible light (500 − 600 nm). The corolla is apopetalous with 4–5, often contorted, petals. Within Hypericaceae seeds, the most similar to Hypericeae are those of tribe Vismieae. 1b. The androecium in composed of ten to many polydelphous stamens. Members of this family are annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs. The seeds are small, often numerous. E. Flower close-up, showing basally synsepalous calyx. This plant is native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa. st. john’s-wort family. Cratoxylum; Eliea; Harungana; Hypericum; Lianthus; Psorospermum; Santomasia; Thornea; Triadenum; Vismia; A list of all accepted names in Hypericaceae is available in CSV format. 8–9 genera/480–560 species. The Hypericaceae are distinctive in having opposite, simple, entire leaves with glandular dots or lines, flowers with a 4–5-merous perianth, usu. Definitions of family hypericaceae, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives of family hypericaceae, analogical dictionary of family hypericaceae (English) Hypericum perforatum Linn. Commonly known as St John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum L. is a member of the Hypericaceae family. It is the smallest and most basic social unit, which is also the most important primary group found in any society. The phytochemical composition of St. John’s wort varies with cultivar, climate, horticultural practices, growing conditions, stage of maturity, time and methods of harvest, and extraction procedures (Denke et al., 1999; Zobayed et al., 2005; Butterweck and Schmidt, 2007; Bruni and Sacchetti, 2009; Linde, 2009). Genera. The extract possess numerous pharmacological effects in neuronal tissues that range from neuroprotection to specific inhibition of neuronal uptake of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain similar to tricyclic antidepressants. Since the first report of the isolation of (+)-hyperforin (1) from this plant by Gurevich et al. Se extiende desde las regiones templadas hasta los trópicos. In Hypericaceae, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone (12) is thought to be then converted into 2,3′,4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (70).78 On the contrary, BBS from C. erythraea directly yields 2,3′,4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (70) from 3-hydroxylated benzoyl-CoA (40). The generation of ROS leads to lipid peroxidation and membrane damage and therefore hypericin and similar sensitizers of 1O2 are highly phototoxic.133–135 Other examples of phototoxic polyphenols, whose toxicity may be related to the production of ROS, are the naphthodianthrone fagopyrin (105) from buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp. Meaning of family Hypericaceae. The Annual Photo Contest voting is over. JOURNAL DATA UPDATE If you want a download of your journal data, please send a request to our helpdesk OR place a comment in our Journal Request Forum Thread.Journals are set to be removed by the end of the year so don't delay! Hypericaceae Species information 251 entities; Images 5667 entities; Taxonomy Search in Species information Glossary Search. There are a handful of good reviews on the chemistry, biology, and pharmacology of this medicinal plant (Rodríguez-Landa and Contreras, 2003, p. 688; Volmer and Rosenson, 2004, p. 1450; Dell’Aica et al., 2007a,b, p. 69 and p. 109; Linde, 2009, p. 146; Nahrstedt and Butterweck, 2010, p. 1015) that have summarized these areas for the readers. Rosales: Characteristic morphological features …conspicuous members of the family Urticaceae (the nettle family) because of their stinging hairs. Chemical structures of photosensitizing napthodianthrones (104, 105) and anthraquinones (106–108). By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The hypericum IL-160 (Lichtwer Pharma, Germany) is manufactured with 80% methanol in a solvent-to-herb ratios of 4:1 to 7:1 and standardized on 0.3% (wt/wt) content of hypericin (Castor et al., 2001). Hypericaceae Juss. The family of Hypericaceae is primarily associated with the Hyperici herba, so its main species are discussed in this review. The Hypericaceae consist of trees, shrubs, or herbs. References . (2002, p. 4786) unequivocally assigned all the carbon and hydrogen atoms by observing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) connectivities by two-dimensional heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, homonuclear correlation spectroscopy, and incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment experiments. (St. John’s wort; family: Hypericaceae; Fig. Thus hypericin can act as a sensitizer in photodynamic reactions (type II mechanism). ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B008045044X000122, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128095935000124, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081029220000262, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128130087000291, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123984562000621, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080912837000291, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123847195002392, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128021477000450, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123743800500087, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080453828000228, Biosynthetic and Total Synthetic Approaches for (+)-Hyperforin, Discovery and Development of Neuroprotective Agents from Natural Products, Antidiabetic herbal medicines rebranded as dietary supplements, Medicinal Foods as Potential Therapies for Type-2 Diabetes and Associated Diseases, Polyphenols and Polyphenol-Derived Compounds From Plants and Contact Dermatitis, Polyphenols: Prevention and Treatment of Human Disease (Second Edition), Polyphenols in Chronic Diseases and their Mechanisms of Action, Polyketides and Other Secondary Metabolites Including Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives, and the majority occur in two plant families (Gentianaceae and, Globalization Effects on Common Plant Species, Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition), Denke et al., 1999; Zobayed et al., 2005; Butterweck and Schmidt, 2007; Bruni and Sacchetti, 2009; Linde, 2009, Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants: Eudicots, Natural Products Structural Diversity-I Secondary Metabolites: Organization and Biosynthesis. Although species of the family grow throughout the world, except in cold alpine or arctic regions, most of them are found in temperate or tropical regions. (Figure 8.36). Clinical trials support the efficacy of St John's wort in mild depression and anxiety. Family: Hypericaceae Links. This organization has discussions with European medicine regulators regarding standards for manufacturing preparations and efficacy criteria. Our chemical knowledge of Hypericaceae is based largely on Hypericum. Familia: Hypericaceae Genera: Cratoxylum - Eliea - Harungana - Hypericum - Lianthus - Psorospermum – Thornea - Triadenum - Vismia. St. John’s wort, a perennial plant, is the common name for Hypericum perforatum; it is a member of the Hypericaceae family. Family: Meaning, Characteristics, Function and Types! 26.31) not exceeding a meter in height, is native to Europe though it is now widely distributed and cultivated in temperate zones all over the world. When used carefully, side effects are reported to be rare.104,170,171. European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy is an umbrella organization representing national herbal medicine or phytotherapy associations across Europe. The fruit is (usually) a capsule, berry, or drupe. In this connection, the volume of scientific research on this plant related to depression and other mood disorders is extensive. are toxic to livestock when ingested, the poisons photo-activated. Hence, H. perforatum is sometimes referred to as the Prozac from the plant kingdom (Di Carlo et al., 2001, p. 292; Gobbi and Mennini, 2001, p. 557). It has been used since the Middle Ages for its antiinflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, and wound-healing properties. Lars Porskjær Christensen, in Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease, 2014. The readers are suggested to consult the literature (Erdelmeier, 1998, p. 2; Orth et al., 1999, p. 193; Poutaraud et al., 2001, p. 355; Adam et al., 2002, p. 4786; Jensen and Hansen, 2002, p. 167; Anand et al., 2003, p. 444; Smelcerovic et al., 2006, p. 2750; Koul and Kuol, 2007, p. 293; Tatsis et al., 2007, p. 383; Vacek et al., 2007, p. 62; Cao et al., 2011, p. 480; Gaid et al., 2016, p. 47) to select any one of their choice and feasibility in case they attempt to isolate the substance from H. perforatum. Flower, dissected, showing pistil with superior ovary and three styles. D. Flower, with pentamerous perianth, numerous stamens, and 3-carpellate pistil. Among the huge number of Hypericum species, H. perforatum is the only one that contains hyperforin as a quantitatively major constituent giving up to 5% yield (Umek et al., 1999, p. 388; Robson, 2003, p. 1; Smelcerovic and Spiteller, 2006, p. 251). The actual relationship of the protein with CHSs needs to be established. The flowers are bisexual, actinomorphic, hypogynous. Placentation is axile or parietal. numerous, centrifugal stamens often fasciculate, and a superior, syncarpous, 3–5 carpellate ovary, the fruit a capsule (usually), berry, or drupe. Other examples of phototoxic polyphenols whose toxicity may be related to the production of ROS are the naphthodianthrone fagopyrin (142) from buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) Various standardized herbal extracts of St John's Wort are also available in the market and from the studies on WS 5572, LI 160, WS 5570, and ZE 117, efficacy and tolerance at the dose of 900 mg per day has been demonstrated as an antidepressant (Kasper et al., 2010). At the same time it enhances free intracellular sodium ion concentration, an effect not seen with the usual selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Hyperi-cum perforatum (klamath weed, St. John's Wort) is popular as a herbal remedy to help counter depression. The family Hypericaceae is in the major group Angiosperms (Flowering plants). St. John's wort is currently treated as a noxious weed in many areas, because high concentrations of hyperforin and hypericin make it toxic to livestock. (Petals apopetalous.) C. Leaf close-up, showing characteristic dotted glands. Some authors also use H. herba or equivalent terminology as a reference to the wet and dried aerial tops of H. perforatum (Linde, 2009). The extracts of H. perforatum are prepared from wet and dried plant material using different solvents (supercritical liquids such as carbon dioxide, water, ethanol, methanol, oils, and other solvents), ratio of plant material to solvent, and extraction temperatures (Linde, 2009; Cossuta et al., 2012). Its usage for minor skin damage such as sores, cuts, burns, and abrasions with or without nerve damage was also common. Synonyms for family Hypericaceae in Free Thesaurus. The infl o-rescence is a terminal or axillary cyme, corymb, or of solitary flowers. H. Close-up of two anthers, showing longitudinal dehiscence. In H. perforatum, the highest hyperforin concentrations are found in flowers, fruits, and leaves (Repčák and Mártonfi, 1997, p. 91; Tekel’ová et al., 2000, p. 778). in 1971 (p. 510), many attempts have been made so far to develop and simplify the isolation process so as to isolate it in large scale. Hypericaceae were treated as Guttiferae-Hypericoideae in my , to which the reader is referred for references of work published before 1965. The most prevalent application of St John's Wort extract today in traditional and as over the counter medicine is for the treatment of patients with mild to moderate depression. Find the perfect hypericaceae stock photo. Hypericaceae es una familia cosmopolita del orden Malpighiales, aceptada por la APG II (2003), con alrededor de 560 especies repartidas en 9 géneros. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Hypericaceae Included in Guttiferae in Michigan Flora . Cell cultures of Centaurium erythraea and Centaurium littorale have been used to investigate the xanthones and the regulation of their formation.104,105 The proposed biosynthetic pathway97,105 suggested the condensation of a benzoyl-CoA derivative with three C2 units derived from malonyl-CoA to form the benzophenone, the precursor of the xanthones (Scheme 3). CHARACTERISTICS OF WILD HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L. (HYPERICACEAE) POPULATIONS DURING THE LAST DECADE IN ARMENIA ... John’s wort) belong to Hypericaceae family. Hypericaceae: St. Johnswort Family. Global Pollen Project UUID 24759d8e-fdf1-4fb9-a89c-8051617e94ec Botanical Reference None available. When hypericin is absorbed by grazing animals, and has entered the peripheral circulation, the exposure to sunlight will cause severe sunburn and serious necrosis of the skin followed by subsequent infection and starvation.6,133 The phototoxicity of hypericin is most likely due to its ability to facilitate the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) under aerobic conditions in combination with visible light (500–600 nm). 26.31. The family is easily recognized by the opposite, entire, punctate leaves (translucent dots ± visible when held to the light, resulting from oil-filled cavities); the inflorescence is cymose, with the terminal flower in each cluster developing first. [203,205], and anthraquinones such as aleo-emodin (143), rhein (144), emodin (145) [206,207] that are found in for example rhubarb (Rheum spp., Polygonaceae) [208], in the latex of Aloe vera (Xanthorrhoeaceae) [209,210] and the buckthorns (Rhamnus spp., Rhamnaceae) [211] and may be responsible for skin reactions caused by these plants. What does family Hypericaceae mean? 29.17) from St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum, Hypericaceae) and other Hypericum spp. 12.2) produces (+)-hyperforin, possibly as its major nonnitrogenous secondary metabolite (Erdelmeier, 1998, p. 2). Meaning: The family is an intimate domestic group made up of people related to one another by bonds of blood, sexual mating or legal ties. 29.17. The leaves may be dotted with tiny black or translucent spots. Extracts of the plant (flowers, fruits, leaves) are extensively used as herbal medicine and/or dietary supplements in both developed and developing countries to treat mild to moderate depression (Whooley and Simon, 2001, p. 1942), and this antidepressant activity has been attributed to the inhibition of various neurotransmitter receptors by hyperforin (Chatterjee et al., 1998, p. 499; Müller et al., 1998, p. 16; Kaehler et al., 1999, p. 199). The inflorescence consists of a branched, flat-topped cluster, each flower being radially symmetrical, with a superior ovary. MALPIGHIALES. St. John's wort is a yellow-flowering perennial herb native to Europe, grows wild in North America, Asia, India, Australia, South Africa, and many islands. Economic importance includes cultivated ornamentals, medicinal plants, and wood plants; some Hypericum spp. In more recent times it has gained favor as a treatment for anxiety and depression and is now quite popular for this. Plantas leñosas o herbáceas (árboles y lianas en los trópicos), glandulíferas (glándulas pedunculadas o sentadas aspecto en las hojas translúcido). The reaction to the benzophenone (10) was confirmed in vitro with a partially purified protein preparation incubated with 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA (9) and malonyl-CoA;106 the second ring closure to the xanthone (11) apparently requires an additional enzyme. Beyond these CNS effects, recent studies also showed antidiabetic and antiobesity properties suggesting that the extract may be employed to treat metabolic disorders. It is, however, not useful in severe cases. Genera in Hypericaceae. J. Ovary cross-section, showing 3 carpels with parietal placentation, the placentae appressed in the center. The ring closure shows that the BPS is a CHS-type enzyme using a benzoyl-CoA instead of phenylpropanoid-CoA derivative as starter. family Hypericaceae synonyms, family Hypericaceae pronunciation, family Hypericaceae translation, English dictionary definition of family Hypericaceae. Very particularly, Adam et al. Fig. Identify plants and flowers of the St. Johnswort family (Hyperaceae) with these wildflower identification tools and a photo gallery with plants grouped according to families. Flores reunidas en inflorescencias terminales, en panículos, umbelas y cimas, generalmente hermafroditas, regulares, dispuestas en cimas dicasiales o solitarias (raramente); corola y cáliz con 4 - 5 piezas libres, pétalos amarillos; androceo con numerosos estambres unidos y agrupados solo por la base en 4 - 5 haces; gineceo súpero, sincárpico, con 3 - 5 carpelos, estilos libres. It is noteworthy that the analysis of the Lamiaceae family herbs includes mainly the extraction and determination of the components of essential oils (EO) [ [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] ]. At least one species has pink blossoms. Harungana - A monotypic genus from Africa to Madagascar, now naturalised in Australia. Statistics are at the bottom of the page. Physicians including the Hippocrates and others in that era are known to prescribe the plant as a diuretic and wound-healing agent, among others. The memory enhancement effect of St John's Wort extract under experimental diabetic-induced learning and memory impartment conditions has also been effectively demonstrated (Hasanein and Shahidi, 2011). This antidepressant effect may also be beneficial under diabetes condition as demonstrated in experimental animals (Husain et al., 2011a). Species in the Hypericaceae are annual or perennial herbs or shrubs with simple, untoothed leaves that grow opposite each other along the stem. Welcome to the famous Dave's Garden website. Noun 1. The typical seeds in Hypericaceae (Fig. St. John’s wort is used as a nutraceutical, phytopharmaceutic, and an ingredient in cosmetics. You can check The Plant List for further information. Ectoedemia septembrella - Hypericum Pigmy Euspilapteryx auroguttella Leucoptera lustratella Agonopterix hypericella Agonopterix liturosa Eulamprotes atrella Hyperforin, a phloroglucinoid, is now believed to be responsible for the plant's action due to its ability to inhibit serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine reuptake, thus increasing their concentration in the synaptic cleft. Antonyms for family Hypericaceae. Scheme 8. Hypericaceae, native to Europe but subsequently introduced into North America. G. Stamen fascicle removed from flower. The family consists of annual and perennial herbs and woody shrubs or trees, as well as a few climbers. Throughout the US, populations of St. John's wort can be found in rocky open ground, wooded areas, and meadows. Define family Hypericaceae. Genera Plantarum [Jussieu]: 254 (1789). The stamens are [5–] ∞, centrifugal, often fasciculate in 3–5 bundles. The Hypericaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution. A great variety of polyphenolic compounds seems to be characteristic … The flowers are arranged in branched inflorescences and are actinomorphic (radially symmetrical). Methods: The Family Meals with Young Kids study was an online survey completed by parents in 2014. Many clinical trials along with data from experimental animals’ studies now appear to substantiate this therapeutic applications. Hiroyuki Morita, ... Hiroshi Noguchi, in Comprehensive Natural Products II, 2010, As a key intermediate, benzophenone plays an important role in the biosynthesis of xanthones, a class of compounds widely distributed in plants.75 Xanthones exhibit significant biological activities; for example, guttiferone F (88) and sampsonione A (89) show anti-HIV and cytotoxic activities, respectively.76,77 A related type III PKS is benzophenone synthase (BPS), which was discovered in Hypericum androsaemum (Hypericaceae)52,78 and Centaurium erythraea (Gentianaceae).51 However, in contrast to prototype CHS, the enzyme accepts only CoA-linked thioesters of benzoic acid derivatives and undergoes the Claisen cyclization reaction (Scheme 8). The leaves are simple, cauline, opposite or whorled, exstipulate, entire, and (often pellucid) gland dotted or lined. A. Figure 12.2. Lars Porskjær Christensen, in Polyphenols: Prevention and Treatment of Human Disease (Second Edition), 2018.

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